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early-modern · 1588 to 1679
Hobbes described life without a state as a war of all against all, and then argued the only escape was an external enforcer everyone agrees to obey. That is the social dilemma, and its solution, three centuries early.
Facts reviewed 2026-07-11.
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who lived through the chaos of the English Civil War, an experience that convinced him disorder was the deepest political danger. In 1651 he published Leviathan, an attempt to derive, from first principles about human nature, why people need a sovereign and why they would rationally consent to one.
Hobbes reasoned like a geometer, building his politics from axioms about what self-interested individuals would do. That method, deriving collective outcomes from individual incentives, is what makes him a direct ancestor of game-theoretic reasoning.
Hobbes's state of nature is a social dilemma in its purest form. Without a common power, he argued, rational individuals cannot trust each other to keep agreements, because anyone who cooperates leaves themselves exposed to anyone who defects. The result is a war of every man against every man, and a life he called solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short, not because people are evil, but because the structure of the situation makes mutual defection the only safe choice.